Review: Python covered in Class-XI
Dictionaries:
Concept of key-value pair, creating, initializing and accessing the elements in a dictionary, traversing,
appending, updating and deleting elements.
Dictionary functions & Methods: cmp, len, clear(), get(), has_key(), items(), keys(), update(),
values()
Tuples:
Immutable concept, creating, intialising and accessing the elements in a tuple; tuple functions:
cmp(), len(), max(), min(), tuple()
Stacks and Queues with lists
Data File:
Opening and closing files, file object, access_modes, reading and writing a file read(), readline(),
readlines(), write(), file positions (seek(), tell()), renaming and deleting a file.
Object Oriented Programming with Python
Concept of Object Oriented Programming:
Data hiding, data encapsulation, class and object, polymorphism, inheritance, advantages of object
oriented programming over earlier programming methodologies.
Classes:
Defining classes (attributes, methods), creating instance objects, accessing attributes and methods,
using built in class attributes (dict, doc, name, module, bases), using _ _init_ _() , _ _del_ _()
method and _ _ str_ _( ) in a class, private attributes (limited support), importance of "self" (acts as
a pointer to current calling object)
Inheritance:
Single and multiple inheritance- Overriding methods, using super() in derived class to invoke
_init_() or overriden methods of parent class
Databases and SQL
Database Concepts:
Relational data model: Concept of domain, tuple, relation, key, primary key, alternate key,
candidate key.
Structured Query Language:
General Concepts: Advantages of using SQL, Data Definition Language and Data Manipulation
Language;
Data Types: NUMBER/DECIMAL, CHARACTER/VARCHAR/VARCHAR2, DATE;
SQL COMMANDS:
CREATE TABLE, DROP TABLE, ALTER TABLE, UPDATE ….SET…., INSERT, DELETE;
SELECT, DISTINCT, FROM, WHERE, IN, BETWEEN, GROUPBY, HAVING, ORDERBY;
SQL functions: SUM, AVG, COUNT, MAX AND MIN; Obtaining results (SELECT query) from
2 tables using equi-join, Cartesian product and Union
Note: Implementation of the above mentioned commands could be done on any SQL supported
software on one or two tables.
Boolean Algebra
Binary-valued quantities, boolean variable, boolean constant and boolean operators: AND, OR,
NOT; truth tables; closure property, commutative law, associative law, identity law, inverse law,
principle of duality, idem potent Law, distributive law, absorption law, involution law, DeMorgan's
law and their applications;
Obtaining Sum of Product (SOP) and Product of Sum (POS) form from the truth table, reducing
boolean expression (SOP and POS) to its minimal form, Use of Karnaugh Map for minimization of
Boolean expressions (up to 4 variables);
Application of Boolean Logic:
Digital electronic circuit design using basic Logic Gates (NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR)
Use of Boolean operators (NOT, AND, OR) in SQL SELECT statements
Use of Boolean operators (AND, OR) in search engine queries.
Communication Technologies
Evolution of Networking: ARPANET, Internet, Interspace
Different ways of sending data across the network with reference to switching techniques (Circuit
and Packet switching);
Data Communication terminologies: Concept of channel, Bandwidth (Hz, KHz, MHz) and Data
transfer rate (bps, kbps, Mbps, Gbps, Tbps);
Transmission media: Twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, optical fiber, infrared, radio link,
microwave link and satellite link;
Network devices: Modem, RJ45 connector, ethernet card, router, switch, gateway, wifi card;
Network Topologies and types: Bus, Star, Tree, LAN, WAN, MAN;
Network Security Concepts:
Threats and prevention from Viruses, Worms, Trojan horse, Spams
Use of cookies, protection using firewall;
India IT Act, Cyber Law, Cyber Crimes, IPR issues, Hacking;
Introduction To Web services: WWW, Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), eXtensible
Markup Language (XML); Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP); Domain Names; URL; Website,
Web browser, Web Servers; Web Hosting, Web Scripting - Client side (VB Script, Java Script, PHP)
and Server side (ASP, JSP, PHP), Web 2.0 (for social networking)